The distance a projectile can travel while maintaining sufficient energy to reliably neutralize a target varies depending on the cartridge. For a 5.56x45mm cartridge loaded with a 77-grain projectile, this distance is influenced by factors such as barrel length, weapon system, environmental conditions, and the intended target. Military and law enforcement organizations define this practically, considering accuracy, terminal ballistics, and the likelihood of achieving the desired effect on the target.
Understanding the limitations of a specific cartridge and weapon system is crucial for operational planning and effective engagement. This knowledge enables accurate target assessment and increases the probability of mission success. Historically, advancements in projectile design and propellant technology have significantly influenced the performance of cartridges like the 5.56x45mm, resulting in changes to engagement protocols and tactical doctrine.