Standard firearms carried by law enforcement officers in the United States typically include semi-automatic pistols, often in 9mm, .40 S&W, or .45 ACP calibers. Shotguns, typically 12-gauge, are also commonly issued for breaching and less-lethal applications. Patrol rifles, often AR-15 style platforms or similar semi-automatic rifles, are increasingly prevalent. The specific models and calibers can vary significantly between agencies, influenced by factors like budget, department policy, and officer preference. For example, some agencies may authorize the Glock 17, while others might opt for the Sig Sauer P226 or Smith & Wesson M&P. Specialized units, like SWAT teams, may employ submachine guns, sniper rifles, and other specialized firearms.
The selection of service weapons is a crucial aspect of law enforcement operations. Officers must be proficient with their issued firearms to ensure public safety and effective law enforcement. Firearm selection balances factors like stopping power, accuracy, reliability, ease of maintenance, and training costs. The evolution of police firearms has reflected advancements in technology and changes in law enforcement tactics. Historically, revolvers were the standard sidearm, but semi-automatic pistols have become increasingly popular due to their higher ammunition capacity and faster reloading times. The increasing prevalence of patrol rifles is a more recent trend, driven by the need to address active shooter situations and other high-risk scenarios.