These specialized projectiles, typically fired from a 12-gauge shotgun, are designed to penetrate hardened targets like body armor or vehicle plating. Construction often involves a hardened core material, such as steel or tungsten, encased within a softer metal jacket. Different designs exist, ranging from solid slugs to more complex segmented or saboted projectiles. An example would be a solid steel projectile encased in a copper jacket, designed to retain its shape and mass upon impact for maximum penetration.
The enhanced penetrative capabilities offered by such ammunition have made it a subject of interest for both law enforcement and military applications where defeating armor is a crucial operational requirement. Historically, the development of such ammunition has been driven by the need to counter evolving protective technologies. This continuing technological race has influenced tactical considerations and spurred advancements in both armor and ammunition design. However, the potential for misuse has also led to legal restrictions and regulations regarding their civilian ownership in certain jurisdictions.